An aspect pattern is an arrangement of several planets in a chart so that they form a specific pattern or formation.
It usually involves multiple planets that are closely configured by specific aspects, which results in a large geometrical shape that stands out when looking at the chart.
In modern western astrology some common aspect patterns are the T-square, Grand Cross, Grand Trine, Mystic Rectangle, Yod, and the Kite. Stelliums are also sometimes treated under the general heading of aspect patterns.